Boston History Blog from 1768 to 2004

Roxbury, Dorchester, Reading Vt, New Canaan NY, To Tuscaloosa, Leaven, St John Jr, & The Revere Bells

10/10/2018

The Revere Family Bell of 1828, Donated by Messrs.’., Leavens and
St John Jr, to the Methodist Church in Tuscaloosa, Alabama

Abridged Genealogy:

Joshua Bayley Leavens and Samuel St. John Jr, were intimately involved in procuring the Revere Bell for the First Methodist Episcopal Church of Tuscaloosa. Joshua Leavens was born in Reading, Vermont, and Samuel St John Jr in New Canaan, Connecticut. John Leavens (Levens, Levins, Levinz or Levnze) first arrived in 1632 and settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts. The first time that the Leavens and St John families brushed elbows was in 1634 with the immigration of Mathias St John to Dorchester, Massachusetts. Both villages were separate chartered towns free of Boston’s Puritan dominance. Today, they are neighborhoods on the southeast side of Boston. The first suggestion that the donors crossed paths was the War of 1812. Each volunteered and fought in a New York Militia unit. Both units served at the 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh, New York. We cannot yet confirm the reasons that Leavens and St John volunteered for the New York Militia versus a Connecticut or Vermont unit. Our Endnote [1] speculates on the reason.

Samuel St John’s first partner, Edward Griffith, died in the year 1824 in New York City. Joshua Leavens joined the establishment of St John Jr in 1825. Their partnership began in New York City, and by 1828 they had opened operations in Mobile, Alabama. We have tracked their business and legal activity by newspaper announcements made in various regional papers. We have posted them in the image section at the end of this report https://www.walkbostonhistory.com/tuscaloosa-bell.html. The clippings provide insight into a sophisticated legal and business environment.

In our full blog we identified the two bell donors from their youth to their death. Additionally, we have provided a genealogy of both families back to 1632 and 1634.
Follow the donors from the War of 1812 to Leavens passing in Mobile Alabama and St. John Jr’s., last days in New Haven Connecticut in 1866. https://www.walkbostonhistory.com/tuscaloosa-bell.html.
Images of the bell foundry then and now are provided along with the Revere ledger documenting the initial date of purchase and completion.

[1] There may be a historical answer. The British invaded from Canada via the upstate New York waterway of Lake Champlain to split New England from the rest of the United States. The waterway runs for miles abutting New York State on its western side and Vermont to its east. The Governors of Vermont, Connecticut, and Massachusetts did not commit their militias to defend New York. Contentiously, all three governors believed they were chartered to use the militia only to defend their state. In truth, New England was lukewarm on the war as the prominent issue of “impressment” had been resolved in writing before the beginning of combat. Additionally, local commerce with England was substantial. Thirteen years later, the United States Supreme Court overturned the Governors’ opinions. Under the circumstances, volunteers made their way to New York to serve in the war.

https://www.walkbostonhistory.com/tuscaloosa-bell.html from 1632 to 2018.

www.walkbostonhistory.com/revere-bells-index.html for more on the Revere Bells.

March 27th, 2017

3/27/2017

Paul Revere the Coroner

Why did Paul Revere Become a Coroner at the Age of Sixty-two?
He Found Murder, Suicide, Infanticide and many Cases of Drowning

John Winthrop, in 1630, obtained the Massachusetts Bay Charter from King Charles of England. He and the nine-hundred Puritans that followed used the charter to divorce from a religion that seemed to have lost its Christian principles. The Charter granted the Puritans the land area known as Massachusetts, after the original Indian tribe, and the distance over an ocean provided the freedom to practice their religion. Not to be left on shore, British Common Law sailed on John Winthrop's eleven ships. The Puritans brought with them the English legal system that became the foundation for today's common law.

Consequently the concept of coroner arrived in America on the Arabella, Winthrop's command ship. The function of coroner came from a derivative of the word “crown” and was originally spelled “coroune.” A coroner initially supervised the English court system to financially protect the Crown.

Between the 13th and 14th Century crime was rampant in England. Famine, migration, consolidation of wealth and power attributed to the rise in violence. To this point in time, the coroner conducted investigations into fraud, taxes, and facts that would support litigation. To meet the escalating volumes of violent events the coroner's function adapted to address unexpected deaths. From the 14th Century to Colonial Boston, the coroner immediately convened an inquest jury (usually thirteen men) to pre-judge the facts leading to a sudden or suspicious death. A secondary role for the coroner was to inquire and confirm the identity of an abandoned body.

By Paul Revere’s birth, on or around January 1, 1735, Boston was transitioning from the Julian to Gregorian calendar. Consequently, ten days may have been lost to his history. Regardless, the function of a coroner had fully matured by then. Sixty-two years later Paul Revere would apply for the role of coroner. His first inquest was February 21, 1796. By the way, the average life expectancy of men was fifty-six years in Colonial Boston.

If he had retired in 1796, Paul would have left his sons one of America’s most innovative foundries to create gunpowder, cannon, church bells and copper plating for naval vessels. Financially, he was on a good footing with his sons running the Foundry in Canton known as the Revere Copper Company[i]. He had already produced hundreds of church and ships bells, with his largest and best to come in the future. See our collage of an image of the 2400 pound bell at Kings Chapel, Tremont St., Boston. The United States government reluctantly, then exclusively, ordered copper plating for its warships including the U.S.S. Constitution, “Old Ironsides.”

With this in mind, we set off to learn his motivation to become a coroner. In our pursuit, we stumbled on three themes in the forty-six inquests completed by Paul Revere. We shall reveal them later in our writing. Below is our frame of reference based on the bibliographies listed below and the common themes among them.

Paul, as a nonprofessional dentist, practiced it under Dr. John Baker an imigre' from London. Dr. Baker, a surgeon, was highly respected and a great teacher. He fashioned George Washington’s false teeth.
Today we would classify Paul Revere as a dental technician. He helped patients with tooth discomfort and innovative but rudimentary dental bridges.
Paul had to identify the remains of his best friend, Dr. Joseph Warren nine months after the British buried him in a common shallow grave on Bunker (Breed’s) Hill. Pinpointing Dr. Warren by his false teeth was the first time dental records were used to identify a corpse.
He may have been instrumental in changing medical practices by standing up to the selectmen of Boston, as several of his children developed smallpox. He refused to send his children to a “pesthouse.”[ii] They all survived, though, Mary, born one month into their quarantine died within the year.
With the above practical experience, Paul Revere established the first Board of Health in America in 1799 to address a cholera out-break. He became president and chairman.{ii}

As to his motivation, it appears from his account books that he didn’t need the money. More likely his determination to be accepted as an Esquire in Boston society was his primary objective to become a coroner.

There were nineteen doctors in Boston treating sixteen-thousand citizens. It appears that any one of them sought the opportunity to conduct a post-mortem. Holding an inquest, arranging for a jury and making a judgment on the accused was left to others. And so the opportunity was available for Paul. He served for nearly four years. The results of the forty-six inquests in Paul’s handwriting are available from the Massachusetts Historical Society microfilm library. A sample is embedded below. His notes described the sudden cause of death, the jurors seated, their judgment and if they were paid for their services.

There were three themes among the forty-six sudden deaths based on the juries decisions. Drowning was a major problem. Our blog on swimming may provide background information that may bewilder you, as Boston was such a nautical society. Secondly, suicide and murder, generally by opium, was common in this religious community. In its liquid form of Laudanum, opium was readily available to treat or permanently eliminate physical or mental pain.

Imaged below is a PDF file attempting to detail all of Paul Revere’s inquests. Though he was the best of artisans, we had difficulty reading all of the names. If anyone gets close to this, please help us with the victim's full identity.

Thirdly, in this Puritan community in a moral state of change, infanticide was a major issue. Society no longer saw the man as the innocent party in a birth outside of marriage. We will expand on all three themes mentioned above in a separate blog coming soon. You can sign up for our mailing list to receive notices of additional postings.

Paul Revere graciously resigned from the coroner's position suggesting he did not have the time to properly do the task. Page two of the matrix below may confirm just this as basic detail is missing. Time must have caught up with him, though he did not officially retire from his foundry business for another twelve years.

Our blog on the infanticide trials resulting from Paul Revere's inquests, has been published. You can click here to read on.

Click for our full compliment of tours.

[i] The Revere Copper Company now resides in Troy New York but has not forgotten its heritage.
Worker_at_Rolling_Mill.jpg ‎(398 × 250 pixels, file size: 25 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Wikipedia Free Use

[ii] Forbes, Esther. Paul Revere & the World He Lived in. Vol. 1. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942. Print and online p. 77.

{ii}Triber, Jayne E. A true republican: the life of Paul Revere. Amherst: U of Massachusetts Press, 2001. Print. p. 263.

Bibliography

Forbes, Esther. Paul Revere & the World He Lived in. Vol. 1. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942. Print.

Fischer, David Hackett, Paul Revere’s ride. Norwalk, CT. Easton Press 1996. Print.

Han, Shin-Kap. "THE OTHER RIDE OF PAUL REVERE: THE BROKERAGE ROLE IN THE MAKING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION*." © 2009 Mobilization: An International Quarterly 14(2): 143-162 14.2 (2009): 143-62. Print.

Healy, Kieran. "Using Metadata to Find Paul Revere: Kieranhealy.org." Using Metadata to Find Paul Revere. Blog, 9 June 2013. Web. 18 Aug. 2015.

"H-Net Reviews." H-Net Reviews. If There Is Additional Discussion of This Review, You May Access It through the List Discussion Logs At: Http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl. Citation: Allan Branstiter. Review of Martello, Robert, Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and Th, 1 Sept. 2012. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.

Martello, Robert. Midnight ride, industrial dawn: Paul Revere and the growth of American enterprise. Baltimore: Md., 2010. Print.

Massachusetts Historical Society, Microfilm rolls,

Massachusetts State Archives, vole 14.Suffolk Collection, Microfilm volume 692, 693 and 702, cases 107545 and 107566 and 108204 cases, Skillmore, Wellman and Jefre & Hannah Porter.

Acknowledgement to Elizabeth Bouvier of the Massachusetts Superior Court for her assistance finding the actual court records involving the deaths by infanticide.

The 18th-22nd inquests, 3 drownings and two suicides

Drowning is a worldwide issue today

In the 18th Century opium was monopolized by imperial governments as a source of revenue. Next blog speaks directly to infanticide in a Puritan "City on the Hill."

Roxbury, Dorchester, Reading Vt, New Canaan NY, To Tuscaloosa, Leaven, St John Jr, & The Revere Bells

The Two Grandsons of Paul Revere who Fought in the Civil War to end the Compromise with Slavery

The Revere Brothers, Grandsons of Paul Revere Killed in the Civil War 155 years ago

The Roots of a surname in a Revolutionary Soldier Amos Lincoln 1753-1829 twice Paul Revere’s Son-in-Law

March 27th, 2017

Paul Revere the Coroner

UNSONG HEROES OF THE MIDNIGHT RIDE;A DOG, A HORSE, TWO WOMEN AND THREE MEN

PAUL REVERE HELPED DEBORAH SAMPSON GANNETT RECEIVE HER MILITARY PENSION

What Could be Wrong with Paul Revere’s Engraving of the Boston Massacre?

Was Paul Revere the Social Network of the American Revolution?

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